THE KINGDOM BRITAIN INVADED BEFORE THE INVATION OF IRAQ.

In 1897, the British, an uncouth tribe of callous, shameless barbarians, in the name of their monarch, and out of envy and greed, called the Edo people savages to destroy a brilliant African civilization that was far ahead of theirs, because they had big guns.

The rogue Imperialists thus viciously set back Edo's advancement by stealing Edo's sacred artifacts and things for profit and growth and burning what they could not take away, to turn a once accomplished people into common beggars for measly foreign aids. Edo people must
begin preparation now to sue Britain and her monarch for 50 billion pounds reparations.

The greatest African force and the most important, most scintillating civilization to endure in the last two thousand years in the West African sub-region was the Benin civilization. It began its uninterrupted aggressive ascendance from the era of Oba Ewuare the Great (1440 -1473 CE), until it was sacked by British Imperialists in 1897, to steal and usurp Edo artifacts and civilization to advance. The arts, particularly brass casting in Benin Kingdom, flourished during Oba Ewuare's reign 1440 - 1473. He set up a war machine that extended Edo notion of kingship, objects, aesthetic, ideas and power, across the West Coast of Africa, and through dominance lent their name to the Bight of Benin. It was towards the tail end of Emperor Ewuare's reign that the Portuguese first made their visit to West Africa in 1472. Oba Ewuare the Great died in 1473.
At the actuaries on the bank of what is today known as the Bight of Benin, the local people the Portuguese met there, when asked about the Kingdom in the interior, told the Portuguese it was called Ubini.

The Portuguese abbreviated this to Benin/Bini because they could not properly pronounce Ubini. When the Portuguese arrived in the kingdom of Benin, they were stunned by what they found on the ground in terms of level of administrative sophistication, social engineering and military activities.
They found a monarchy dating back many centuries, with complex structures of chiefs and palace officials presiding over a kingdom expanding in all directions, and a highly developed kingdom with unique and very sophisticated political, artistic, linguistic, economic, cultural and military traditions, in the process of territorial conquests. Edo kingdom was in the throes of great conquests and had healthy, disciplined citizens; well planned and laid out streets, a palace extending over kilometres of territory and a king and his nobles, civilized to their bones. The Portuguese felt honoured to be accepted by the Bini and quickly entered into treaties of cooperation with Oba Ewuare, (the first such between any European and West African countries), deepening political and trade obligations.
There is a hint that they tried to preach Christianity to the monarch but were not rewarded with favorable response. It was taboo to talk about alien Gods in a civilization ruled by vibrant African Gods.

It was during Oba Ewuare's reign, however, that an Aruosa delegation visited Portugal in 1472. A British adventurer called Ling Roth, was the first to refer to Benin as great, a tribute not only to the extent of the Benin Empire but also to the elaborate, detailed and efficient administrative machinery the people had evolved. The Portuguese made strong efforts to convert Oba Ozolua (1481 -1495), to Christianity with preachments. The Portuguese King exchanged several friendly correspondences with the King of Benin between 1481-1495. The Oba of Benin had no respect for White gods and deities and even for the Portuguese items of trade, which were being offered to build close links between the kingdom and Portugal. He was, however, impressed with their guns, a weapon strange to warfare in the West African region at that time. Oba Ozolua introduced bronze casting to Benin.
He did it through Iguehae, a great bronze caster, whose descendants have continued the tradition through the guild of bronze casters at the present day Igun Street in Benin City.

A seventeenth century Dutch engraving from Olfert Dapper's Nauwkeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaansche Gewesten, published in Amsterdam in 1668, described the palace thus: “The king's palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of Haarlem and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries, about as large as the Exchange at Amsterdam, but one larger than another, resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles, and are kept very clean.

Most palaces and houses of the king are covered with palm leaves instead of square pieces of wood, and every roof is decorated with a small turret ending in a point, on which birds are standing, birds cast in copper with outspread wings, cleverly made after living models.” Oba Esigie (1504-1550 CE). The Portuguese, a major European power at Oba Esigie's time, finally happily succeeded in negotiating and establishing strong diplomatic and trade relations with Oba Esigie and his kingdom, Benin, the first such relationship between a West African country and a European country.

Oba Esigie's son was the first accredited African envoy to the Portuguese court. The King of Portugal receiving the ambassador from the King of Benin in 1505 CE, described him as "a man of good speech and natural wisdom" Today, White historians lie that we were savages on our first encounter with Whites. One of the numerous Oba of Benin elite palace associations was assigned the responsibility of conducting affairs with the Portuguese. Until this day, a secret language, which some claim is derived from a mixture of Portuguese and Edo languages, is spoken by members of the association. Portuguese mercenaries fought along-side the Bini in many territorial wars after the treaty. Trade between the Portuguese and Benin was mainly in coral beads, cloths for ceremonial attire, and great quantities of brass manilas, which Bini craftsmen melted for casting. In exchange for Portuguese goods, the Bini offered tobacco, spices, cola nuts, ivory, earthenware, jewelry, artifacts, woven cotton materials, etc.

Benin City is where Christianity was first preached in Nigeria. A Catholic church was opened in Benin in 1505. The Portuguese failed to persuade Oba Ewuare and Oba Ozolua to convert to Christianity but made their first break through with Oba Esigie, to the shock and disbelief of the Uzama nobles. Oba Esigie's conversion to Christianity was considered an unforgivable act, a betrayal, and a slap on the face of the traditional faith and the king's Idu ancestary that confers legitimacy on the throne. This sacrilegious act, eventually led to the Igalla war in Edo history.
European slave trade in West Africa started with the acquisition of domestic servants in 1522 CE, and warrior kingdoms like Benin had plenty of them captured as war booties, but would not sell them. The slave trade was very unpopular with the Edo people.

They thought it was silly to sell fellow human beings. Their Obas and nobles were vehemently opposed to the business of slave trade and to the export of the productive fighting male.
The Edo, of course, could not control the day to day happenings of the slave merchants, who apparently largely acted under cover at first in the vast territories under Edo hegemony. However, it was forbidden to sell or take a native Bini into slavery and so elaborate identification marks on faces and chests were eventually contrived. The Bini therefore were hardly ever captured by Arabs or Europeans into slavery. Alan Ryder, writing on this in his book, Benin and the European, narrated the experience of the Portuguese merchant, Machin Fernandes in Benin as early as 1522 CE: That was during the reign of Oba Esigie. “Of the whole cargo of 83 slaves bought by Machin Fernandes, only two were males – and it is quite possible that these were acquired outside the Oba's territory –despite a whole month (at Ughoton) spent in vain attempts to have a market opened for male slaves. The 81 females, mostly between ten and twenty years of age, were purchased in Benin City between 25 June and 8 August at the rate of one, two or three a day.”

None of the 83 slaves was an Edo person, according to Ryder, and no Edo person could have been involved in the sales. It was taboo in Edo culture. Edo Empire was vast, with a great concentration of people from different ethnic backgrounds, Yoruba, Ibo, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Urhobo, Igalla, etc., making a living in the lucrative Ughoton route that was the main centre of commercial activities in the southern area at the time, of what later became Nigeria.

Alan Ryder, recording the experiences of yet another European merchant, the French trader and Captain called Landolphe, in Benin in February 1778, said, “The Ezomo was the richest man in Benin, owning more than 10,000 slaves, none of whom was ever sold.” The author then commented: “His (the Ezomo's). Refusal to sell any of his slaves is also noteworthy for the light it sheds upon the attitude of powerful Edo chiefs towards the slave trade: however numerous they might be, a great man did not sell his slaves.” Says Edo people: “vbo ghi da Oba no na mu ovionren khien?” Meaning, “What need does the Oba want to satisfy by putting out his slave for sale?”

The first British ship reached Benin River in 1553. British trade with the Kingdom of Benin was mainly in cloths, palm oil, cowries, beads and Ivory. Benin currency (igho), the cowrie, was popularly accepted in North, West, East Africa, and it greatly facilitated Edo's economic buoyancy as a portable medium of exchange. Oba Ohuan (1604 1641 CE), was Oba Ehengbuda's son. He ended the Eweka dynastic lineage. After him, powerful rebel chiefs established private power bases and selected Obas from among themselves. The selection process took the format of the Ihogbe (king makers), picking an Oba from among their ranks and presenting him to the Uzama for crowning.
This process produced a series of Obas, seven of them, with doubtful claims to legitimacy, thus seriously weakening the Edo monarchy. Lourenco Pinto, captain of a Portuguese ship that brought missionaries to the ancient Benin port of Warri in 1619, sent the following deposition about Benin to the Sacra Congregation at the instance of Father Montelcone. “Great Benin were the king resides is larger than Lisbon, all the streets run straight and as far as the
eyes can see.

The houses are large, especially that of the king which is richly decorated and has fine columns. The city is wealthy and industrious. It is so well governed that theft is unknown and the people live in such security that they have no door to their houses. All the cities of this African Empire are organized, large and harmonious.”
By the mid 17th century and extending well over the period of confusion about who reigns in Benin, the Portuguese, Dutch, English, French and other Europeans, had expanded the slave trade in the area so much that they were calling it the Slave Coast.
The slave trade remained high in the area until 1840. The slaves were mainly war
captives and were drawn from the entire area controlled by Benin all the way to the communities near the coast and to northern peoples such as the Bariba. The Atlantic slave trade had a destructive impact in Benin area, causing devastating depopulation around Benin and greatly
militarizing the area.

Oba Eresoyen (1735 – 1750 CE), had only just ascended to his father's throne when trouble came calling. Commandant Willem Hogg, the resident Manager of the Dutch Trading Station in Ughoton, had for nearly a year been pleading with Eresoyen's father, Oba Akenzua I, to prevail on the Benin Chiefs owing the Ughoton Dutch Trading Station, did not supplied goods on which they had received credit lines. Also, Holland wanted to be allowed to participate in the Ivory trade and break the monopoly the monarch had granted the British and Portuguese ships calling at Ughoton.

Traders of the two countries were offering better prices for the commodity. The palace had seemed to Willem Hogg, unwilling to help the Dutch company recapture slaves who had escaped from the Dutch company's dungeons at Ughoton while awaiting their evacuation ship from Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast, to arrive. Half-hearted promises had been extracted from the palace over the issue of the runaway slaves, against the overriding feeling at the palace that it was the responsibility of the Dutch to secure their purchases after taking delivery. These were the problems weighing on Willem Hogg's mind when he decided to visit the palace to once more seek the help of Oba Eresoyen. In the presence of the Oba and chiefs, while discussing the issues that brought him to the palace, argument developed, leading to the loss of temper. The Dutchman got up from his seat, pulled out his pistol and shot at the monarch who was quickly shielded by his omada (sword bearer). The omada took the bullet intended for the monarch and died on the spot.

Regicide had been attempted and murder committed, and in the confusion that ensured, Willem Hogg sneaked out of the palace. This incidence explains the reluctance of the Obas of Benin to be exposed to European visitors from that time on, and why the British Capt. Henry L. Gallwey, Vice Consul for the Benin River District of the Niger Coast Protectorate and his delegation, suffered frustration and delays in March 1892, when they requested to meet with Oba Ovonramwen, to conclude a 'Treaty of Protection' with Benin kingdom. It was the responsibility of the Ezomo to take remedial action against the Dutchman because security matters for Ughoton gateway were under his portfolio. Ezomo Odia was not at the meeting. He had sequestered on his farm for a little while because of misunderstanding with the palace over the issue of the runaway slaves who had mostly taken refuge at his farm. Most of the other runaway slaves were with other chiefs. This was why progress was not possible on the matter. Since the chiefs do not sell slaves, they did not feel it was their business rallying runaway slaves for the Dutch? That summed up the popular refrain on all lips at the time.
To get Ezomo Odia to return to town, the oracle prescribed that all the princesses of the realm should pay a courtesy visit to Ezomo Odia.

The princesses, on being told that Ezomo Odia was at his farm, when they arrived at Okhokhugbo village, braced up for the long journey through shrubs and narrow bush paths. At the farm, they met Ezomo Odia tending his yam crops. Before the Ezomo could ask, to what he owed the honour, all the princesses were down on their knees, between the yam heaps, to greet him and respectfully invite him back to the city. The Edo Empire before it was vanquished by British Imperialists was the greatest African force, and the most important, most scintillating civilization, to endure in the last two thousand years in the West African sub-region. It began its uninterrupted aggressive ascendance from the era of Oba Ewuare the Great 1440 -1473 CE until the British incorporated Edo Kingdom in 1897, into the Niger Coast Protectorate, later known as the Southern Protectorate, which included their newly annexed Arochukwu (Igboland) in 1902. Their Northern Protectorate of Hausa Fulani emirates in 1903, was merged with the Southern Protectorate in 1914 to form what in now Nigeria.
Before the satanic British invasion, Edo Kingdom controlled vast Yoruba land with populations several times larger than that of Edo, and exerted considerable influence on eastern Yoruba land, maintaining trading connection with Oyo.

Towns such as Owo (called Ogho in Edo), Ekiti, Akure, Ondo (or Udo in Edo), were all set up by Edo native migrants. The kingdom established Lagos, where it set up military camp of occupation which it called Eko (camp), and extended its dominance, power and influence from there all over the West African region, taking in modern countries like the Republic of Benin, Togo, Ghana and Sierra Leone and all the way to the mouth of the River Volta, to lend its name to the Bight of Benin, as a result of its influence and authority in the region. Its authority and influence extended eastward to the delta of the River Niger, Benin River, and to the new Benin (Warri), to Benin district, comprising of Sapele and Warri, to towns like Asaba, Agbor, Isele-Uku, Ika (Agbor), Aniocha, which all owe their corporate existence to Benin, to beyond the Gulf of Benin to Ahoada and Onitsha across the River Niger, the later which was established by Edo migrants led by Ogbogidi, an Edo military generalissimo. Edo's dominance cut through to Idah (Igalla) in the north to the fringes of Kogi state and to the present day Congo.

The Edo spread their culture and traditions, particularly their Obaship ideology and system, all over their empire, by sending royal brothers to rule over tributaries, or holding hostage, sons of conquered chiefs to be trained in Edo, or by sponsoring candidates for thrones of conquered territories. Objects such as Ada and brass masks, were introduced to vassal lords as emblems of their authority, and these symbols have endured in virtually all the territories that experienced Edo control.

The Isekiris, Urobos, Ijaws and the Yoruba of Owo, Ekiti, Akure, Ondo, just to mention a few, all proudly trace their venerated royal lineages to the ancient Benin kingdom. Even in places outside direct Edo influence, the reputation of the Oba of Edo was such that leadership disputes were brought to him for arbitration, and the winners took back home, Edo regalia to form part of their leadership traditions. The fame of the Great Benin Empire was such that several European states sought to establish diplomatic relationship with her and trade with her through the Ughoton corridor. In 1897, the British, an uncouth tribe of callous, shameless barbarians, in the name of their monarch, and out of envy and greed, called the Edo people savages to destroy a brilliant African civilization that was far ahead of theirs, because they had big guns.

The rogue Imperialists thus viciously set back Edo's advancement by stealing Edo's sacred artifacts and things for profit and growth and burning what they could not take away, to turn a once accomplished people into common beggars for measly foreign aids.
Edo people must begin preparation now to sue Britain and her monarch for 50 billion pounds reparations. Oba Ovonramwen (1888 – 1914 CE). Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi was on the
throne during the British invasion of Benin City in 1897. To prepare the grounds before the invasion, the British first sneaked military spies into Benin, to infiltrate the nation's security system during the Igue festival, a period of acute spiritual sensitivity for Edo people, when their monarch goes into seclusion for two weeks for spiritual cleansing and cannot receive visitors.

The spies were eliminated for their hostile acts. The British then sent a delegation to Benin in March 1892. The delegation was led by Capt. Henry L. Gallwey, the Vice Consul for the Benin River District of the Niger Coast Protectorate, supposedly to conclude a Treaty of Protection with Oba Ovonramwen of Benin. The British had deceived King Dosumu of Lagos to sign a similar treaty that ceded Lagos to the British in 1861. They forced the same kind of treaty on the Jaja of Opopo in 1887 to gain access and economic control of the eastern coast of Nigeria.

Quoting Capt. Henry Gallwey, who after retirement became Sir Henry Gallwey, in a report on the 1892 visit to Benin, for the Journal of the African Society of April 1930, under the title: Nigeria in the (Eighteen) Nineties, he wrote in part: “Any idea I may have had of being received by the king the day I arrived was very soon dispelled. After being kept waiting for three days, I sent word to say that I could wait no longer. “To support my threat, every half-hour, I sent a carrier away with a load I did not require, telling them where to wait for me. This artifice rather worried the king, and he sent word to me asking me “not to be vexed,” as my interpreters put it. However, that afternoon, it was arranged for me to have audience with the king. I accordingly donned my uniform and sallied out with my companions into the burning heat of the afternoon, a most unreasonable time of day at which to hold a palaver. I am afraid, however, that the kings of Benin were never renowned for their reasonable natures. In spite of these pinpricks, it was all very interesting and amusing, and I never gave a thought to the discomfort of being encased in a dress intended to be won at levees and such functions in temperate climes…….” After attempting to compromise the nation's security earlier on, the British delegation could not be received by the Oba of Benin immediately on arrival because the king's security agencies needed to check out their mission this time. When the Oba signaled readiness to receive the delegates, they were in “encased dress intended to be worn at levees.” In other words, they were in military uniform to the palace of an Oba who was weary of visits of Europeans.
After the incidence of the Dutchman, Commandant Willem Hogg, who pulled a pistol and shot at Oba Eresoyen in 1735, while on a courtesy visit to the palace to discuss business matters with the Oba and his chiefs, Benin Obas became a little more careful about granting direct audience to
European visitors.

This is the genesis of the difficulties experienced by Capt. Gallwey while trying to have audience with the Oba in 1892. At the palace, the disposition and mannerisms of the visitors had to be carefully studied before the Oba could receive them, since they were in military
uniform. Capt. Gallwey said the Oba was “unreasonable” and then generalized “… as all Benin Obas are wont to be.” He had made up his mind before the visit and was looking for excuses to set up Benin kingdom for British invasion. To emphasize that Benin was a special case to crack, the British rushed to force treaties on neighbouring territories.

They attacked the Nana of Itsekiri, in their 'palm oil war' in 1894 and exiled Nana to Ghana; attacked the Koko of Nembe in 1895, and the Ashanti Prempeh of Ashanti in 1896, to produce duress inspired spurious treaties to take control of the kings' respective areas of influence.
The British accused Oba Ovonramwen of lack of cooperation, and to look good in the eyes of the rest of the world, added “human sacrifices,” as their reasons for launching their full-scale war on Benin in January 1897.

The real reason for the British Expedition was that the British viewed the Benin kingdom as the main obstacle in their expansion drive into the agricultural interior of the West African
coast from the River Niger. The war lasted for eight days from January to early February 1897, and went in their favour because of their big guns and cannons, which the Edo army did not have. After capturing the ancient city of Benin and slaughtering thousands of the natives in cold blood, to grossly depopulate the city, and the few survivors had escaped to farms and villages, the British ransacked the palace of the Oba, homes of nobles and chiefs, artistes' workshops and Obo's shrines, to rescue “pagan art” and relieve Benin of the “evil.” Then the British burnt most the city down to ashes.
The palace of the Oba of Benin, according to Joshua Utzheimer, 1603, was about the size of the German City of Tubingen.” This was razed down by fire by the British invading force, claiming to be on a civilizing mission.

Is razing cities after the surviving few victims of their assault have surrendered, not the epitome of barbarism? Can anything be more callous than this? Oba Ovonramwen who could not be
captured but who surrendered to the British in August, 1897, was exiled to Calabar (in south-east Nigeria), where he died in January, 1914. From accounts of members of the British army that invaded Benin City in 1897, we learn that the floors, lintels, and rafters of the council chambers and the king's residence in the palace were lined with sheets of repoussé, decorated brass covered with royal geometric designs and figures of men and leopards. Ornamental ivory locks sealed the doors and carved ivory figurines surmounted anterior.

A brass snake, observed for the first time by a European in the early eighteenth century, was still to be seen on the roof of the council chamber house. All of these, along with other invaluables, including precious works of arts, the invading British stole in the name of their king and country. What they could not steal or burn, they destroyed, including invaluable records of the Bini scintillating civilization, to allow their historians to falsify human history and deny African
contributions. According to an article entitled: '100 years after the invasion of Benin' by Richard Akinjide, a former attorney General and Federal Minister of Justice and a Senior Advocate of Nigeria, SAN, “The response of the Kingdom of Benin against British Interference in the affairs of a sovereign and independent nation was a legitimate self-defense in accordance with the peremptory norms of customary international law otherwise known as "ju cogens". If Britain could go to war just because of Jenkin´s ear, why should not the ancient kingdom of Benin protect her national interest against uninvited guests whose greed and grab in other parts of sub-Sahara Africa was already well known?

We must pass judgment in the light of prevailing circumstances at that time. We must therefore unhesitatingly reject the British interpretation as massacre the events of 1896 which led to
the British aggression of 1897. The reputation of Major Edward Lugard preceded him in Africa, because of what Major Lugard did in India and Uganda, and what he and George Goldie did in Ilorin, Bida, Borgu and what other British soldiers perpetrated in Yorubaland which were then matters of public knowledge. The King of Benin was right in his suspicion of British intentions which were definitely to lure the noble Kingdom of Benin into the so-called British protectorate and therefore loss of the sovereign rights which Benin had enjoyed for about 2,000 years.

At that time as it is now, the kernel of European policy in Africa was devious and
self-seeking. Independent African nations should be nothing but vassal states of Europe. The various European Navies were then the instruments of colonial policy. Hence the navigation Acts of 1649 and 1660, the staple Acts 1663 and the plantation Act 1673. They now advocate for us, using the World Bank, the IMF, the devaluation of our currencies, the exact opposite of the economic and monetary policies that ensured and helped their own growth and good quality of life for their own people. The colonial policy in French speaking African countries is even more worrying. It is encapsulated in French; "plus ca change, plus ciest la meme chose." (The more things change, the more they remain the same). In short what makes the French decolonization special was that it was never decolonized.
I end this monograph with a quotation from Sir Alan Burns, a former Governor General of Nigeria, in his book: History of Nigeria (4th Ed at 277) "No European nation has the right to assume sovereignty over the inhabitants of any part of Africa, and claims put forward by the various governments at the Berlin Conference in 1885 took little account of the rights of the people who lived in the Territory.”
Akin Adeoya in the Sunday Guardian of March 29, 2009, wrote: “There was a great kingdom of Benin that lasted for centuries with a highly stable administration and a civilization that built great highways and produced works of such great significance that the British who invaded and ultimately defeated the Ovonramwen's gallant forces, nearly went mad with envy that not all their Christian piety or civility could help them resist the urge to steal these works of art, which their own civilization could not rival.

These works of art, till today, still grace the shrines of the British Empire and civilization, including the British Museum.” Prof. Akin Ibidapo-Obe in: A Synthesis of African law, wrote: “The British stripped Benin of its pagan art treasure…..almost 2,500 of the famous Benin bronzes, valuable works of art such as the magnificent carved doors in the palace, were carried off to Europe for sale.
Today, almost every museum of the world possesses an art treasure from Benin. It is important to relate the account of British brigandage and deliberate and wanton stealing of Africa's invaluable art treasures to show that our culture was great and was envied.
The tradition and way of life that spawned such great achievement was deliberately destroyed and history was falsified to justify the introduction of their obnoxious laws, some of which purported to forbid our traditional religion."

This is how Prof. Felix Van Luschan, a former official of the Berlin Museum for Volkerhunde, described what the British deviously called Pagan art of Benin; “These works from Benin are equal to the very finest examples of European casting technique. Benvenuto Celini could not have cast them better, nor could anyone else before or after him. Technically, these Bronzes represent the very highest possible achievement.” Only a highly civilized nation could have borne the expenditure and facilities of such marvelous works of art, which are among the best masterpieces in the history of mankind. When the Nigerian government requested to loan a replica of the Idia Ivory mask for use during the 2nd World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) held in 1977 in Lagos, Nigeria, from the British Museum of Mankind, the British authorities insisted on the Nigerian government depositing a sum of three million dollars before collecting the loaned copy.

A 17th century Benin bronze head (nine inches high), stolen from the palace of Oba Ovonramwen by the British invaders in 1897, was auctioned by Sotheby, New York, for US$550,000 in July, 2007.
Despite the British abuse of Edo culture and the marginalization of Edo history, the splendor of Edo civilization continues to this day to astound and excite the world. Benin artifacts are among the most exquisite and coveted in world's history, and the kingdom of Benin remains famous for its sophistication in social engineering and organization.

The Bini Obaship institution is still one of the world's most revered apart from being second only to Japan, as the most ancient. In fact, the influence of ancient Benin Empire is still so strong today that Dahomey, an independent neighboring country to Nigeria, decided in 1975 to change its name to the Republic of Benin as a way of reconnecting with its glorious roots.

The Republic of Togo, on the other hand, named some of her landmark institutions such as Universite du Benin, Togo hotel du Benin e.t.c. after the great Benin Empire. President Gnassingbe Eyadema, during his 1974 visit to Benin City, publicly stated that the Togolese people originated from the ancient Benin Empire.

Oba Eweka II (1914 – 1933 CE), ascended his father's throne in 1914 and when he died, his son, Oba Akenzua II (1933 – 1979 CE) took over. Between them, they restored a great deal of the tradition and dignity of Benin Obaship, and rebuilt, although on a smaller scale than the Ewuare palace, the grandeur, triumph, and supremacy, of Bini traditions. Large walled areas have now replaced the numerous compounds of former kings, with enclosed individual altars for each of the three immediate predecessors, and one general altar for the rest. Decorated sheets of brass adorn the rafters and lintels, and terra-cotta plaques recount the exploits of former kings. The current king of this great African kingdom and one of the most vibrant, colourful, and enlightened ancient civilizations in the history of the world, is Oba Erediauwa, Uku Akpolo Kpolo, the Omo N'Oba N'Edo (1979 CE –).
***ENAIWU OSAHON, Hon. Khu Mkuu (Leader) World Pan-African Movement); Spiritual Prince of the African race; MSc. (Salford); Dip.M.S; G.I.P.M; Dip.I.A (Liv.); D. Inst. M; G. Inst. M; G.I.W.M; A.M.N.I.M.




Naiwu Osahon, renowned author, philosopher of science, mystique, leader of the world Pan-African Movement.